A bear market is a condition in which securities prices fall 20% or more from recent highs amid widespread pessimism and negative investor sentiment. Typically, bear markets are associated with declines in an overall market or index like the S&P 500, but individual securities or commodities can also be considered to be in a bear market if they experience a decline of 20% or more over a sustained period.

Characteristics of a Bear Market:

1. Prolonged Downtrend: A bear market is not just a short-term decline in prices but a sustained drop over weeks, months, or even years.
2. Widespread Pessimism: Negative sentiment prevails, and many investors expect further declines.
3. Economic Downturn: Often accompanies recessions or economic slowdowns.
4. Decreased Trading Volumes: As investors become wary of further losses.
5. Increased Volatility: Prices can fluctuate wildly as investors react to news and events.

Causes of a Bear Market:

1. Economic Factors: Such as rising unemployment, declining consumer confidence, or slowing economic growth.
2. High Inflation: Reduces purchasing power and can lead to increased interest rates.
3. Overvaluation: When asset prices are much higher than their intrinsic values.
4. Geopolitical Events: Wars, political unrest, or international conflicts can lead to uncertainty.
5. Financial Crises: Such as the 2008 financial crisis.
6. Natural Disasters: Which can have significant economic impacts.

Bear Market vs. Correction: While both terms refer to a decline in prices, they differ in their duration and the severity of the decline. A correction is a short-term price decline of at least 10% but less than 20%, often coming after a period of rising prices. A bear market, on the other hand, is a more prolonged and deeper decline of 20% or more.

How to Navigate a Bear Market:

1. Stay Informed: Understand the reasons behind the market decline.
2. Diversify: A diversified portfolio can help mitigate losses.
3. Avoid Panic Selling: Selling in a panic can lock in losses.
4. Consider Long-Term Goals: Bear markets can be opportunities for long-term investors to buy quality assets at lower prices.
5. Seek Professional Advice: Financial advisors can provide guidance tailored to individual needs.